human monocytic cell line thp1  (ATCC)

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: Insulin enables acquisition of the IL7R + memory phenotype in PD1 + T cells in RA tissues

doi: 10.1038/s41419-026-08916-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Confocal microscopy images of THP1 cells stained with antibodies to H3K27ac (red) in nucleus (blue) after stimulation with insulin (top), and HDAC-inhibitor (bottom) for 24 h. Images are acquired with 40× magnification with additional digital magnification 1.5×. B Scatter plot of nuclear H3K27ac staining intensity after stimulation with insulin (top) and HDAC-inhibitor (bottom). P -values are calculated by Wilcoxon unpaired test. Asterisks indicate * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** <0.001, **** <0.0001. C Histogram of phosphorylated serine 473 (p)AKT1 mean fluorescence intensity in THP1 cells stimulated with 10 nM insulin, by flow cytometry. D Histogram of H3K27ac mean fluorescence intensity in THP1 cells stimulated with increasing concentrations of insulin for 24 h, by flow cytometry. E Histogram of pAKT1 mean fluorescence intensity in human lymphocytes stimulated with increasing concentrations of insulin for 30 min, by flow cytometry.

Article Snippet: Human monocytic cell line THP1 (TIB-202, ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) were propagated in RPMI medium (Gibco, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) containing 50 μM β-mercaptoethanol (Gibco), Glutamax 2 mM (Gibco), sodium pyruvate 1 mM (Gibco), HEPES 10 mM (Gibco), gentamicin 50 μg/mL (Sanofi-Aventis) and 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma-Aldrich) at 37 °C in a humidified 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Staining, Fluorescence, Flow Cytometry

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Reduced LACTB expression in myeloid cells is associated with elevated succinylcarnitine levels and reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.24.711053

Figure Lengend Snippet:

Article Snippet: We used the monocytic human immortalized cell line THP1 (ATCC, TIB-202 RRID:CVCL_0006), which we treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 25 ng/ml) for 72 hours to differentiate into macrophages.

Techniques: RNA sequencing, In Vitro, Ex Vivo

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Reduced LACTB expression in myeloid cells is associated with elevated succinylcarnitine levels and reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.24.711053

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Genetically predicted lower LACTB expression—instrumented using macrophage cis-eQTLs at the LACTB locus—is associated with lower AD risk (left panel). Genetically predicted lower LACTB expression is also associated with higher succinylcarnitine levels in the CSF (middle panel). Furthermore, genetically predicted higher succinylcarnitine levels are associated with lower AD risk (right panel). B) LACTB is expressed higher in the immune cluster compared to other brain cells, in contrast to another mitochondrial protein (SDHA), data from Brain Atlas . C, D) LACTB mRNA (C) and protein levels (D) are increased upon differentiation (THP1 macrophages vs monocytes and WTC11 iMGLs vs iPSC). E) Succinylcarnitine levels are increased in the lysate of LACTB KD/KO myeloid cells compared to SCR/WT. F) Succinylcarnitine is increased in the cell culture media of LACTB KD/KO myeloid cells compared to SCR/ WT. G) Higher succinylcarnitine levels in mice with lower LACTB expression (C57B6 x SLJ background, 2 months old). H) Higher succinylcarnitine levels in the liver, brain, isolated microglia and astrocytes of LACTB enzymatically-dead (ED) mice compared to WT (n=2 mice per genotype, 3 months old). I) LACTB protein levels increase with age in WT mice (12 vs 2 months old). J) Succinylcarnitine levels decrease with age in WT mice (12 vs 2 months old). Graphs display individual data points (left) alongside estimated marginal means with 95% confidence intervals (right). For the raw data, dot shapes represent independent macrophage differentiations, and dot colors indicate distinct microglia clones. Statistical details are provided in .

Article Snippet: We used the monocytic human immortalized cell line THP1 (ATCC, TIB-202 RRID:CVCL_0006), which we treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 25 ng/ml) for 72 hours to differentiate into macrophages.

Techniques: Expressing, Cell Culture, Isolation, Clone Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Reduced LACTB expression in myeloid cells is associated with elevated succinylcarnitine levels and reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.24.711053

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Representative curves of succinyl-D-Asp substrate cleavage over time, showing strong reduction/abolishment in LACTB KD/KO myeloid cells compared to SCR/WT (a1: n=3 THP1 macrophages differentiations, a2: n=3 clones per genotype WTC11 iMGLs, a3: mouse BMDMs n=6 mice per genotype). Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated and used as outcome variable in statistical analyses. B) 13 C 3 -carnitine generation after substrate ( 13 C 7 -succinylcarnitine) incubation with LACTB recombinant protein in the absence or presence of LACTB inhibitor (Ac-IEPD-CHO) in a cell-free assay. C) Reduced label incorporation into carnitine in LACTB KO iMGLs after incubation with 13 C 3 -succinylcarnitine (n=3 clones per genotype) compared to WT WTC11 iMGLs. D) Representative heatmap showing label incorporation from 13 C 7 -succinylcarnitine into the indicated metabolites in WT iMGLs. E-J) LACTB is succinylated after treatment with diethyl-succinate (5 μM for 4 hours) in HEK cells (n=2 transfections, 4-10 well replicates each) (E) and THP1 macrophages (n=2 differentiations, 4 well replicates each) (H). Succinylation of LACTB is associated with a reduced rate of succinyl-D-Asp cleavage in HEK cells (n=2 transfections, 3 well-replicates each) (F) and THP1 macrophages (n=2 differentiations, 3 well-replicates each). AUC was calculated and used as outcome variable in statistical analyses. (I) LACTB succinylation is associated with higher succinylcarnitine levels in HEK cells (n=3) (G) and THP1 macrophages (n=3) (J). Graphs display individual data points (left) alongside estimated marginal means with 95% confidence intervals (right). For the raw data, dot shapes represent independent macrophage differentiations, and dot colors indicate distinct microglia clones. Statistical details are provided in .

Article Snippet: We used the monocytic human immortalized cell line THP1 (ATCC, TIB-202 RRID:CVCL_0006), which we treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 25 ng/ml) for 72 hours to differentiate into macrophages.

Techniques: Clone Assay, Incubation, Recombinant, Cell-Free Assay, Transfection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Reduced LACTB expression in myeloid cells is associated with elevated succinylcarnitine levels and reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.24.711053

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Pathways enriched in GSEA analysis of bulk RNAseq data from LACTB KD THP1 macrophages compared to SCR (n=5 independent macrophages differentiations), NES = Normalized Enrichment Score. B) Pathways enriched in GSEA analysis of bulk RNAseq data from LACTB KO iMGLs compared to WT (3 clones per genotype, 2 differentiations per clone). C) Heatmap of Pearson correlation coefficients between LACTB expression and genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines across microglial states in publicly available human single-cell microglia datasets [ – ]. D) Single-cell clusters and corresponding annotations of WT and LACTB KO iMGLs (3 clones per genotype, 1-2 differentiations per clone). E) LACTB expression across clusters in WT iMGLs. F) Cluster proportions in WT and LACTB KO iMGLs. Cluster proportions were estimated using crumblr and compared by genotype using a generalized linear model with batch as a covariate (see Methods for further details). G) Pathways enriched in GSEA analysis of bulk RNAseq data from mouse microglia isolated from the brains of LACTB ED mice compared to controls (3 months old, n=3). Complete lists of genes and pathways are provided in and .

Article Snippet: We used the monocytic human immortalized cell line THP1 (ATCC, TIB-202 RRID:CVCL_0006), which we treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 25 ng/ml) for 72 hours to differentiate into macrophages.

Techniques: RNA sequencing, Clone Assay, Expressing, Single Cell, Isolation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Reduced LACTB expression in myeloid cells is associated with elevated succinylcarnitine levels and reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.24.711053

Figure Lengend Snippet: LACTB KD/KO in myeloid cells increases oxidative phosphorylation and reduces protein synthesis, cholesteryl esters, and triacylglycerides . A) Increased in OXPHOS (measured by mitostress seahorse assays) in LACTB KD THP1 macrophages (n=10 differentiations, 3-6 technical replicates each), and WTC11 LACTB KO iMGLs (3 clones per genotype, 3 differentiations per clone, 3-6 technical replicates each) compared to controls. B) Reduction in nascent protein synthesis (measured with a methionine analog) in LACTB KD/KO myeloid cells compared to SCR/WT. Graphs display individual data points (left) alongside estimated marginal means with 95% confidence intervals (right). For the raw data, dot shapes represent independent macrophage differentiations, and dot colors indicate distinct microglia clones. Full statistical details are provided in . C) Lipidomics alterations in LACTB KD vs SCR THP1 macrophages (n=3) and WTC11 LACTB KO vs WT iMGLs (n=3 clones, 1-2 differentiations each), showing a consistent reduction in CE and TG across the two myeloid cell types. Statistical details are provided in .

Article Snippet: We used the monocytic human immortalized cell line THP1 (ATCC, TIB-202 RRID:CVCL_0006), which we treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 25 ng/ml) for 72 hours to differentiate into macrophages.

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Clone Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Reduced LACTB expression in myeloid cells is associated with elevated succinylcarnitine levels and reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.24.711053

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) LACTB mRNA expression increases after stimulation with IFN-β, IFN-γ, or TNF-α in THP1 macrophages (6 hours treatment) or WTC11 iMGLs (24 hours treatment). B) Succinylcarnitine levels decrease after stimulation with IFN-β, IFN-γ, or TNF-α in THP1 macrophages (6 hours treatment) or WTC11 iMGLs (24 hours treatment). C) Efferocytosis-related assays (myelin phagocytosis and lysosomal acidification, mass and proteolytic capacity) in LACTB KD/KO myeloid cells compared to SCR/WT. Graphs display individual data points (left) alongside estimated marginal means with 95% confidence intervals (right). For the raw data, dot shapes represent independent differentiations, and dot colors indicate distinct microglia clones. Statistical details are provided in .

Article Snippet: We used the monocytic human immortalized cell line THP1 (ATCC, TIB-202 RRID:CVCL_0006), which we treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 25 ng/ml) for 72 hours to differentiate into macrophages.

Techniques: Expressing, Clone Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Paclitaxel drives TREM2 + macrophage expansion underlying its inferior therapeutic efficacy compared to Nab-paclitaxel

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-69060-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematic of the experimental setup with THP1 or Raw264.7 cells with indicated treatment. Created in BioRender. Xing, Y. (2026) https://BioRender.com/nsp747p b Quantification of proportion of TREM2 in THP1 and Raw264.7 cells with PTX. n = 3 biological independent samples. c Western blot of THP1 and Raw264.7 cells with indicated treatments. The experiment was independently repeated three times with similar results. d Schematic of the experimental strategy. CM was collected from tumor cells with the indicated treatment. TREM2 expression in macrophages incubated with the CM was assessed. Created in BioRender. Xing, Y. (2026) https://BioRender.com/nsp747p e Quantification of proportion of TREM2 in THP1 incubated with CM of BT549 cells, SUM159 cells and MDA-MB-231 cells treated with PTX, in BMDM incubated with CM of Py8119 treated with PTX, in Raw264.7 incubated with CM from 4T1 and Py8119 cells treated with PTX, respectively. n = 3 biological independent samples. f Western blot analysis of TREM2 and related proteins in THP1, BMDMs, and Raw264.7 cells incubated with CM from BT549, SUM159, Py8119, and 4T1 cells, respectively. The experiment was independently repeated three times with similar results. g Representative immunofluorescence staining of THP1 cells incubated with BT549 CM. n = 3 biological independent samples. h Quantification of proportion of TREM2 in THP1 incubated with CM from BT549, SUM159, and MDA-MB-231 cells treated with Nab-PTX, respectively. n = 3 biological independent samples. i Quantification of the proportion of TREM2 in BMDM incubated with CM of Py8119 treated with Nab-PTX. n = 3 biological independent samples. j Cytokine array analysis of CM from BT549 cells treated indicated treatment. k Western blot analysis of the indicated proteins in Raw264.7 cells and BMDMs treated with recombinant FGF2. The experiment was independently repeated three times with similar results. l Quantification of the proportion of TREM2 in Raw264.7 cells and BMDMs treated with recombinant FGF2. n = 3 biological independent samples. m Schematic of the experimental strategy. CM was collected from tumor cells with the indicated treatment, and then pretreatment using an FGF2 neutralizing antibody. TREM2 expression in macrophages incubated with the CM was assessed. Created in BioRender. Xing, Y. (2026) https://BioRender.com/nsp747p n Western blot analysis of the indicated proteins in Raw264.7 and BMDMs incubated with the indicated CM. The experiment was independently repeated three times with similar results. o Quantification of the proportion of TREM2 in Raw264.7 and BMDMs incubated with the indicated CM. n = 3 biological independent samples. p Representative multiplex immunofluorescence staining of CD68, TREM2 and FGF2 in tumors treated with PTX or Nab-PTX ( n = 3 mice per group). The experiment was independently repeated three times with similar results. Data are shown as means ± S.D. and were analyzed by two-sided unpaired Student’s t test ( b , e , h and i ) and two-sided one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test ( l and o ). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Human breast cancer cell line BT549 (ATCC, HTB-122), Mouse breast cancer cell line 4T1-Luc (ATCC, CRL-2539-LUC2) and human macrophage cell lines THP1 (ATCC, TIB-202) were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Incubation, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Recombinant, Multiplex Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Paclitaxel drives TREM2 + macrophage expansion underlying its inferior therapeutic efficacy compared to Nab-paclitaxel

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-69060-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Overlap of GeneCards and EDCODE public databases analyses to predict transcription factors that regulate TREM2. b Western blot analysis of the indicated proteins in BMDMs and Raw264.7 cells incubated with FGF2 (left) and with CM from Py8119 cells treated with PTX (right). The experiment was independently repeated three times with similar results. c Western blot analysis of the indicated proteins in Raw264.7 cells incubated with the indicated treatment. The experiment was independently repeated three times with similar results. d qPCR analysis of Trem2 expression in BMDMs transfected with Egr1 -expressing vectors. n = 3 biological independent samples. e Western blot analysis of TREM2 expression in BMDMs transfected with Egr1 -expressing vectors. The experiment was independently repeated three times with similar results. f Luciferase activity of HEK293T cells transfected with the indicated reporters and EGR1 -expressing or control vectors. n = 3 biological independent samples. g Abundance of EGR1 bound to the TREM2 promoter in BMDMs assessed by ChIP-qPCR. n = 3 biological independent samples. h Schematic of the Transwell assay. The first CM was collected from tumor cells with indicated treatment, and the second CM was collected from macrophages incubated with the first CM. The migration and invasion capabilities of macrophages incubated with the first CM were assessed. Created in BioRender. Xing, Y. (2026) https://BioRender.com/nsp747p i Quantification of migration and invasion of Py8119 cells induced by BMDM CM incubated with CM from Py8119 cells treated with PTX, and BT549, SUM159, and MDA-MB-231 cells induced by THP1 CM incubated with CM from BT549, SUM159, and MDA-MB-231 cells treated with PTX (left) or Nab-PTX (right), respectively. n = 5 biological independent samples. j Cytokine array analysis of CM from BMDMs with or without TREM2. k Quantification of migration and invasion of Py8119 cells incubated with indicated proteins. n = 3 biological independent samples. l Quantification of migration and invasion of Py8119 cells induced by CM from BMDMs ( Trem2 +/+ ) with CDE-096. n = 3 biological independent samples. m Western blot analysis of EMT- stimulating proteins in BMDMs incubated with indicated proteins. The experiment was independently repeated three times with similar results. n Schematic illustration showing that FGF2 promotes ERK1/2 phosphorylation to upregulate EGR1, which increases TREM2 expression in macrophages. Upregulated TREM2 enhances the secretion of Serpin E1, HGF, CCL3, and CXCL2 from macrophages to tumor cells, facilitating tumor metastasis via EMT. Created in BioRender. Xing, Y. (2026) https://BioRender.com/nsp747p . Data are shown as means ± S.D. and were analyzed by two-sided unpaired Student’s t test ( d, f, i and l ), two-sided one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test ( k ) and two-sided two-way ANOVA followed by Šídák’s test ( g ). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: Human breast cancer cell line BT549 (ATCC, HTB-122), Mouse breast cancer cell line 4T1-Luc (ATCC, CRL-2539-LUC2) and human macrophage cell lines THP1 (ATCC, TIB-202) were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium.

Techniques: Western Blot, Incubation, Expressing, Transfection, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Control, ChIP-qPCR, Transwell Assay, Migration, Phospho-proteomics